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carnivore

Spinosauridae

Sail-backed hunters

125.8–72.2 MYA

Spinosaurids broke from the typical blade-toothed theropod hunting style: their snouts are long and narrow, more crocodilian than typical dinosaurian in proportion, and their teeth are conical rather than serrated -- a shape better suited to gripping slippery prey than slicing flesh. Isotopic and anatomical evidence across several genera points to a diet heavy in fish, and some researchers argue for genuinely semi-aquatic habits in at least the genus Spinosaurus, though the extent of that aquatic lifestyle remains actively debated.

Spinosaurus itself, from Cretaceous North Africa, carried a dramatic sail of elongated neural spines along its back and is regularly cited among the largest predatory dinosaurs known by length. Baryonyx, discovered in England in 1983 and described by Alan Charig and Angela Milner, was the first spinosaurid found with direct evidence of fish in its stomach contents. Suchomimus, also African, rounds out the family's best-known members.

Meet the giants

18 genera, ordered oldest to newest — the evolutionary line, not the alphabet.

GenusPeriodMax weightHeightDietRegion
SuchosaurusSpinosauridae143.1–121.4 MYAUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknown
BaryonyxSpinosauridae139.1–110.1 MYA~1.7 t~2.5 mcarnivoreEurope
RiparovenatorSpinosauridae125.8–121.4 MYAUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknown
CamarillasaurusSpinosauridae125.8–121.4 MYAUnknownUnknownUnknownEurope
IberospinusSpinosauridae125.8–121.4 MYAUnknownUnknownUnknownEurope
VallibonavenatrixSpinosauridae125.8–121.4 MYAUnknownUnknownUnknownEurope
ProtathlitisSpinosauridae125.8–121.4 MYAUnknownUnknownUnknownEurope
CeratosuchopsSpinosauridae125.8–121.4 MYAUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknown
SiamosaurusSpinosauridae125.8–113.2 MYAUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknown
SuchomimusSpinosauridae121.4–100.5 MYAUnknownUnknownUnknownAfrica
CristatusaurusSpinosauridae121.4–113.2 MYAUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknown
RiojavenatrixSpinosauridae121.4–119.6 MYAUnknownUnknownUnknownEurope
IchthyovenatorSpinosauridae121.4–113.2 MYAUnknownUnknownUnknownAsia
IrritatorSpinosauridae119.6–113.2 MYAUnknownUnknownUnknownSouth America
AngaturamaSpinosauridae119.6–113.2 MYAUnknownUnknownUnknownSouth America
OxalaiaSpinosauridae100.5–93.9 MYAUnknownUnknownUnknownSouth America
SpinosaurusSpinosauridae99–93.5 MYA~7.4 t~4 mcarnivoreAfrica
SigilmassasaurusSpinosauridaeUnknown rangeUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknown

Weight and height are best estimates from published research, not exact measurements — sauropod mass in particular varies by method and specimen. Most genera below are newly classified and still awaiting full measurements.

Further reading